Creating Sepharad: Expulsion, Migration, and the Limits of Diaspora

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Abstract

Jonathan Ray

The expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 represents one of the most significant diasporic moments in Jewish history. However, a shared diasporic consciousness among the exiles, what we might call the diasporic “stance” of the Sephardic world, was neither automatic nor universal. Rather, the interconnected challenges of migration, resettlement, and the re-formation of local and translocal communities was a process that endured for much of the sixteenth century, affecting the exiles and their descendants in different ways. This article traces the emergence of the Sephardic diaspora—both as a form of social organization and as a cultural concept—and explores the limits of Sephardic community and identity. My intention is to highlight the strengths and the limits of the diaspora model as a means of understanding the nature and development of Sephardic society in its formative phase.

Abstract: Jonathan Ray

The expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 represents one of the most significant diasporic moments in Jewish history. However, a shared diasporic consciousness among the exiles, what we might call the diasporic “stance” of the Sephardic world, was neither automatic nor universal. Rather, the interconnected challenges of migration, resettlement, and the re-formation of local and translocal communities was a process that endured for much of the sixteenth century, affecting the exiles and their descendants in different ways. This article traces the emergence of the Sephardic diaspora—both as a form of social organization and as a cultural concept—and explores the limits of Sephardic community and identity. My intention is to highlight the strengths and the limits of the diaspora model as a means of understanding the nature and development of Sephardic society in its formative phase.

Abstact in Arabic
Abstract in Hebrew
Abstract in Turkish

استحداث سفاراد: طرد، هجرة، وحدود الشتات
يونتان ري
يمثّل طرد اليهود من أسبانيا في العام 1492 أحد أهم اللحظات في تاريخ الشتات اليهودي. وبالرغم من ذلك، لم يتشكّل وعي شتاتي مشترك بين جميع المطرودين مباشرة بعد الطرد، ذلك الوعي الذي يمكننا الاصطلاح عليه تعبير “وضعية” الشتات في العالم السفارادي. وبالأحرى، فإن تحديات الهجرة الداخلية وإعادة الإسكان وإعادة بناء المجتمعات المحلية والقطرية كانت بمثابة عملية استمرت حتى القرن السادس عشر، مما ترك الأثر على المطرودين وعلى ذريتهم بطرق مختلفة. تسعى المقالة الحالية إلى تعقّب اللحظات الحرجة التي واجهت الشتات السفارادي – بوصفه تنظيمًا اجتماعيًا ومفهومًا ثقافيًا – وتكشف عن حدود المجتمع السفارادي وهويته. أهدف من وراء المقالة الحالية إلى تسليط الضوء على نقاط القوة والضعف الكامنة في نموذج الشتات كوسيلة لفهم طبيعة وتطوّر المجتمع السفارادي في مرحلته التكوينية.

יצירתה של ספרד: גירוש, נדידה וגבולות הפזורה
ג’ונתן ריי
גירוש היהודים מספרד בשנת 1492 הוא אחד הרגעים הדיאספוריים המשמעותיים ביותר בהיסטוריה היהודית. עם זאת, מודעות דיאספורית משותפת לכל הגולים, מודעות שאפשר לכנות ה”עמדה” הדיאספורית של העולם הספרדי, לא הייתה אוטומטית ואף לא אוניברסלית. האתגרים המשולבים של נדידה, התיישבות מחדש ויצירה מחודשת של קהילות מקומיות וטרנס-מקומיות היו תהליך שנמשך לאורך חלק גדול מהמאה השש-עשרה והשפיע על הגלויות ועל צאצאיהן בדרכים שונות. מאמר זה מתחקה על הופעתה של הפזורה הספרדית – הן כארגון חברתי והן כמושג תרבותי – ובוחן את גבולותיהן של הקהילה הספרדית והזהות הספרדית. כוונתי להדגיש את היתרונות ואת המגבלות של מודל הדיאספורה בבחינת דרך להבנת אופייה והתפתחותה של החברה הספרדית בשלב התעצבותה.

Seferadı Yaratmak: Sürgün, Göç, ve Diasporanın Limitleri

Jonathan Ray

Yahudilerin 1492’de İspanya’dan sürülmeleri Yahudi diaspora tarihinin en önemli olaylarından biridir. Bununla beraber, Sefarad dünyasının diasporal “tutumu” olarak da adlandırabileceğimiz, bütün sürgünlerin paylaştığı ortak bir diasporal bilinç ne otomatik ne de evrensel idi. Tersine, göç, yeniden iskan, ve yerel ve trans-yerel cemaatlerin yeniden oluşturulması gibi birbine bağlı zorluklar onaltıncı yüzyılın büyük bir kısmı boyunca devam etti ve hem sürgünleri hem de yeni nesilleri farklı şekillerde etkiledi. Bu makale, hem sosyal örgütlenme hem de kültürel bir kavram olarak Sefarad Diasporasının oluşma sürecini inceler ve Sefarad cemaat ve kimliğinin limitlerini araştırır. Gayem, Sefarad toplumunun oluşumsal aşamasındaki niteliğini ve gelişmesini anlamak için kullanılan diaspora modelinin etkinliği ve limitlerini göstermektir.

Abstact in Arabic: استحداث سفاراد: طرد، هجرة، وحدود الشتات
يونتان ري
يمثّل طرد اليهود من أسبانيا في العام 1492 أحد أهم اللحظات في تاريخ الشتات اليهودي. وبالرغم من ذلك، لم يتشكّل وعي شتاتي مشترك بين جميع المطرودين مباشرة بعد الطرد، ذلك الوعي الذي يمكننا الاصطلاح عليه تعبير “وضعية” الشتات في العالم السفارادي. وبالأحرى، فإن تحديات الهجرة الداخلية وإعادة الإسكان وإعادة بناء المجتمعات المحلية والقطرية كانت بمثابة عملية استمرت حتى القرن السادس عشر، مما ترك الأثر على المطرودين وعلى ذريتهم بطرق مختلفة. تسعى المقالة الحالية إلى تعقّب اللحظات الحرجة التي واجهت الشتات السفارادي – بوصفه تنظيمًا اجتماعيًا ومفهومًا ثقافيًا – وتكشف عن حدود المجتمع السفارادي وهويته. أهدف من وراء المقالة الحالية إلى تسليط الضوء على نقاط القوة والضعف الكامنة في نموذج الشتات كوسيلة لفهم طبيعة وتطوّر المجتمع السفارادي في مرحلته التكوينية.
Abstract in Hebrew: יצירתה של ספרד: גירוש, נדידה וגבולות הפזורה
ג’ונתן ריי
גירוש היהודים מספרד בשנת 1492 הוא אחד הרגעים הדיאספוריים המשמעותיים ביותר בהיסטוריה היהודית. עם זאת, מודעות דיאספורית משותפת לכל הגולים, מודעות שאפשר לכנות ה”עמדה” הדיאספורית של העולם הספרדי, לא הייתה אוטומטית ואף לא אוניברסלית. האתגרים המשולבים של נדידה, התיישבות מחדש ויצירה מחודשת של קהילות מקומיות וטרנס-מקומיות היו תהליך שנמשך לאורך חלק גדול מהמאה השש-עשרה והשפיע על הגלויות ועל צאצאיהן בדרכים שונות. מאמר זה מתחקה על הופעתה של הפזורה הספרדית – הן כארגון חברתי והן כמושג תרבותי – ובוחן את גבולותיהן של הקהילה הספרדית והזהות הספרדית. כוונתי להדגיש את היתרונות ואת המגבלות של מודל הדיאספורה בבחינת דרך להבנת אופייה והתפתחותה של החברה הספרדית בשלב התעצבותה.
Abstract in Turkish: Seferadı Yaratmak: Sürgün, Göç, ve Diasporanın Limitleri

Jonathan Ray

Yahudilerin 1492’de İspanya’dan sürülmeleri Yahudi diaspora tarihinin en önemli olaylarından biridir. Bununla beraber, Sefarad dünyasının diasporal “tutumu” olarak da adlandırabileceğimiz, bütün sürgünlerin paylaştığı ortak bir diasporal bilinç ne otomatik ne de evrensel idi. Tersine, göç, yeniden iskan, ve yerel ve trans-yerel cemaatlerin yeniden oluşturulması gibi birbine bağlı zorluklar onaltıncı yüzyılın büyük bir kısmı boyunca devam etti ve hem sürgünleri hem de yeni nesilleri farklı şekillerde etkiledi. Bu makale, hem sosyal örgütlenme hem de kültürel bir kavram olarak Sefarad Diasporasının oluşma sürecini inceler ve Sefarad cemaat ve kimliğinin limitlerini araştırır. Gayem, Sefarad toplumunun oluşumsal aşamasındaki niteliğini ve gelişmesini anlamak için kullanılan diaspora modelinin etkinliği ve limitlerini göstermektir.

Categories: Articles Winter 2013, Vol. 3, No. 2 Winter 2013 Tags: Diaspora Studies, Identity, Jewish Diaspora, Jewish Expulsion, Jonathan Ray, Migration, Sepharad, Sepharadic Identity, Spanish Inquisition

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Creating Sepharad: Expulsion, Migration, and the Limits of Diaspora

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Jonathan Ray

Jonathan Ray

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