Back to the Future: The Jerusalem Exhibit at the 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair

Free download Download

Description

Product Description

Abstract

Milette Shamir

The famous St. Louis World’s Fair of 1904 was a vast celebration of the new century and its promise of a future governed by technological and scientific progress. It is not often remembered that in the heart of this paean to modernity stood an enormous and astonishingly life-like replica of the Old City of Jerusalem. Evoking the past rather than the future and transcendence rather than materiality, what was Jerusalem doing in the St. Louis Fair? How did its presence challenge, complicate, or legitimize the popular narratives of modernization with which it was surrounded? Through a description of the fair and the replica—and contra theories that continue to adhere to the secularization thesis and its structuring binaries—this essay is an examination of the preservation and deployment of religious themes and symbols within modernity.

Abstract: Milette Shamir

The famous St. Louis World’s Fair of 1904 was a vast celebration of the new century and its promise of a future governed by technological and scientific progress. It is not often remembered that in the heart of this paean to modernity stood an enormous and astonishingly life-like replica of the Old City of Jerusalem. Evoking the past rather than the future and transcendence rather than materiality, what was Jerusalem doing in the St. Louis Fair? How did its presence challenge, complicate, or legitimize the popular narratives of modernization with which it was surrounded? Through a description of the fair and the replica—and contra theories that continue to adhere to the secularization thesis and its structuring binaries—this essay is an examination of the preservation and deployment of religious themes and symbols within modernity.

Abstact in Arabic
Abstract in Hebrew
Abstract in Turkish

عودة إلى المستقبل: معرض القدس الدولي على اسم القديس لويس لعام 1904

ميلات شامير

حاز معرض القدس الدولي لعام 1904 الشهير على مناسبة لاحتفاء واسع بالدخول في القرن الجديد ووعوده التي يسيطران عليها المستقبل التكنولوجي والتقدّم العلمي. لا يتم التذكّر دومًا بأنه قد وقفت في قلب أُنشودة النصر هذه للحداثة نسخة مطابقة لحياة مفعمة ومدهشة قائمة في البلدة القديمة للقدس. في ظلّ دبّ الحياة في الماضي، لا المستقبل، وإثارة النواحي الروحانية السامية، لا المادية، كيف كانت تعيش القدس فعليًا في زمن هذا المعرض؟ كيف يتحدّى حضور هذه الحياة الفعلية ويعقّد أو يمنح الشرعية للروايات الشعبية حول التحديث المحيطة بها؟ عبر توصيف هذا المعرض والنسخة – ومواجهة نظريات أطروحة العلمنة التي كانت لا تزال معتمدة آنذاك وتركيبتها الثنائية التضادية – تسعى هذه المقالة إلى فحص الطروحات والرموز المحافظ عليها والمتطوّرة داخل الحداثة.

בחזרה לעתיד: התערוכה הירושלמית ביריד העולמי של 1904 בסנט לואיס

מלאת שמיר

היריד העולמי המפורסם של 1904 שנערך בסנט לואיס היה חגיגת ענק של המאה החדשה והבטחה לעתיד הנשלט בידי כוח הקִדמה הטכנולוגית והמדעית. לא רבים זוכרים כי בעיצומה של אותה תרועה למודרניות ניצבה רפליקה של העיר העתיקה בירושלים — עצומת ממדים ונאמנה להפליא למציאות. מה עשתה ירושלים – תזכורת לעבר ולא לעתיד, וסמל לנשגבות ולא לחומריות – ביריד סנט לואיס? כיצד נוכחותה אתגרה וסיבכה את הנרטיבים הפופולריים של המודרניזציה שבהם הייתה מוקפת, או לחלופין, הקנתה להם לגיטימיות? באמצעות תיאור של היריד ושל הרפליקה, ובאמצעות תיאוריות נגד המוסיפות לדבוק בתזת החילון ובניגודים הבינאריים המכוננים אותה, מאמר זה בוחן את השימור של מוטיבים וסמלים דתיים בתוך המודרניות ואת הפריסה שלהם בתוכה.

Geleceğe Dönüş: 1904 St. Louis Dünya Fuar’ında Kudüs Sergisi

Milette Shamir

1904’te kurulan Meşhur St. Louis Dünya Fuar’ı yeni bir yüzyılın ve onun getirdiği teknolojik ve bilimsel kalkınmanın umudunu vaat eden muazzam bir şölen idi. Çağdaşlık ve modernleşme uğruna yapılmış bu muhteşem şölenin merkezinde Eski Kudüs Şehir’nin şaşılacak derecede gerçekçi bir replikasının yer aldığı nadiren hatırlanmaktadır. Gelecekten fazla geçmişi, materyalizmden fazla ruhaniliği çağrıştıran Kudüs’ün, St. Louis Dünya Fuar’ında ne işi vardı? Kudüs sergisi, etrafını saran modernleşme söylemlerini ne şekilde sorguladı, karmaştırdı ya da meşrulaştırdı? St. Louis Dünya Fuar’ındaki Kudüs sergisini, laikleşme tezi ve bu tezin yapısal ikilemleriyle bağdaşan kontra-teorileri çerçevesinde tasvir eden bu makale, dini tema ve sembollerin modernleşme söylemi içerisinde ne şekilde kullanılıp muhafaza edildiğini inceler.

Abstact in Arabic: عودة إلى المستقبل: معرض القدس الدولي على اسم القديس لويس لعام 1904

ميلات شامير

حاز معرض القدس الدولي لعام 1904 الشهير على مناسبة لاحتفاء واسع بالدخول في القرن الجديد ووعوده التي يسيطران عليها المستقبل التكنولوجي والتقدّم العلمي. لا يتم التذكّر دومًا بأنه قد وقفت في قلب أُنشودة النصر هذه للحداثة نسخة مطابقة لحياة مفعمة ومدهشة قائمة في البلدة القديمة للقدس. في ظلّ دبّ الحياة في الماضي، لا المستقبل، وإثارة النواحي الروحانية السامية، لا المادية، كيف كانت تعيش القدس فعليًا في زمن هذا المعرض؟ كيف يتحدّى حضور هذه الحياة الفعلية ويعقّد أو يمنح الشرعية للروايات الشعبية حول التحديث المحيطة بها؟ عبر توصيف هذا المعرض والنسخة – ومواجهة نظريات أطروحة العلمنة التي كانت لا تزال معتمدة آنذاك وتركيبتها الثنائية التضادية – تسعى هذه المقالة إلى فحص الطروحات والرموز المحافظ عليها والمتطوّرة داخل الحداثة.
Abstract in Hebrew: בחזרה לעתיד: התערוכה הירושלמית ביריד העולמי של 1904 בסנט לואיס

מלאת שמיר

היריד העולמי המפורסם של 1904 שנערך בסנט לואיס היה חגיגת ענק של המאה החדשה והבטחה לעתיד הנשלט בידי כוח הקִדמה הטכנולוגית והמדעית. לא רבים זוכרים כי בעיצומה של אותה תרועה למודרניות ניצבה רפליקה של העיר העתיקה בירושלים — עצומת ממדים ונאמנה להפליא למציאות. מה עשתה ירושלים – תזכורת לעבר ולא לעתיד, וסמל לנשגבות ולא לחומריות – ביריד סנט לואיס? כיצד נוכחותה אתגרה וסיבכה את הנרטיבים הפופולריים של המודרניזציה שבהם הייתה מוקפת, או לחלופין, הקנתה להם לגיטימיות? באמצעות תיאור של היריד ושל הרפליקה, ובאמצעות תיאוריות נגד המוסיפות לדבוק בתזת החילון ובניגודים הבינאריים המכוננים אותה, מאמר זה בוחן את השימור של מוטיבים וסמלים דתיים בתוך המודרניות ואת הפריסה שלהם בתוכה.
Abstract in Turkish: Geleceğe Dönüş: 1904 St. Louis Dünya Fuar’ında Kudüs Sergisi

Milette Shamir

1904’te kurulan Meşhur St. Louis Dünya Fuar’ı yeni bir yüzyılın ve onun getirdiği teknolojik ve bilimsel kalkınmanın umudunu vaat eden muazzam bir şölen idi. Çağdaşlık ve modernleşme uğruna yapılmış bu muhteşem şölenin merkezinde Eski Kudüs Şehir’nin şaşılacak derecede gerçekçi bir replikasının yer aldığı nadiren hatırlanmaktadır. Gelecekten fazla geçmişi, materyalizmden fazla ruhaniliği çağrıştıran Kudüs’ün, St. Louis Dünya Fuar’ında ne işi vardı? Kudüs sergisi, etrafını saran modernleşme söylemlerini ne şekilde sorguladı, karmaştırdı ya da meşrulaştırdı? St. Louis Dünya Fuar’ındaki Kudüs sergisini, laikleşme tezi ve bu tezin yapısal ikilemleriyle bağdaşan kontra-teorileri çerçevesinde tasvir eden bu makale, dini tema ve sembollerin modernleşme söylemi içerisinde ne şekilde kullanılıp muhafaza edildiğini inceler.

Categories: Articles Summer 2012, Vol. 2, No. 1 Summer 2012 Tags: History, Jerusalem, Milette Shamir, Modern Middle Eastern History, Modernization, Religious Studies, Secularization, World Fair

An Error Occurred

Services for this domain name have been disabled.

{e&&window.ttq.instance(this.identifier).track(e.event)}))}isLoaded(){return!!window.ttq}}const ADS_PARAM$1="?caf",MESSAGE_PREFIX="FSXDC,.aCS:",ALLOWED_ORIGINS=["https://www.google.com","https://www.adsensecustomsearchads.com","https://syndicatedsearch.goog","https://googleadservices.com"];class Pixels{static build(e){const t=unpackPHPArrayObject(e,"pixel_tracking_data");if(t)return t.useAltTikTokEventsForAdsPlatformUser=e.is_ads,new Pixels(t)}constructor(e){this.onPixelEvent=e=>{const{detail:{type:t}}=e;switch(t){case"visit":case"ctr":case"click":this.providers.forEach((e=>e.handlePixelEvent(t)))}},this.providers=[new Facebook(e.facebook),new Tiktok(e.tiktok,e.useAltTikTokEventsForAdsPlatformUser),new Taboola(e.taboola),new Revcontent(e.revcontent),new Outbrain(e.outbrain)]}listenForEvents(){document.addEventListener("pixel",(e=>{this.onPixelEvent(e)}));window.onmessage=e=>{const{origin:t,data:n}=e;ALLOWED_ORIGINS.includes(t)&&(null==n?void 0:n.startsWith(MESSAGE_PREFIX))&&window.location.search.startsWith(ADS_PARAM$1)&&document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("pixel",{detail:{type:"click"}}))}}dispatchEvent(e){document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("pixel",{detail:e}))}}var State;!function(e){e[e.Pending=0]="Pending",e[e.Loaded=1]="Loaded",e[e.Failure=2]="Failure",e[e.TimedOut=3]="TimedOut",e[e.Errored=4]="Errored"}(State||(State={}));const CAF_SCRIPT_SRC=`https://www.google.com/adsense/domains/caf.js?${GOOGLE_MV3_URL_PARAMS}`,TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS=Number(GOOGLE_CAF_TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS),TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS=Number(GOOGLE_CAF_TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS);class StateMachine{constructor(){this.state=State.Pending}transitionTo(e){this.state=e}transitionFromPendingTo(e){this.done||(this.state=e)}get loaded(){return this.state===State.Loaded}get timedOut(){return this.state===State.TimedOut}get done(){return this.state!==State.Pending}}class Ads{constructor(e,t){this.state={script:new StateMachine,blocks:new StateMachine},this.blocksLoaded=[],this.injectScriptTags=()=>__awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return new Promise((e=>{const t=document.createElement("script");t.type="text/javascript",t.src=CAF_SCRIPT_SRC,t.addEventListener("load",(()=>e(!0))),t.addEventListener("error",(()=>e(!1))),document.body.appendChild(t),TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS>0&&setTimeout((()=>e(!1)),TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS)}))})),this.onPageLoaded=(e,t)=>{if(this.pageLoaded={requestAccepted:e,status:t},this.state.script.done)return;const n=null==t?void 0:t.error_code;n?(this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.failureReason=`caf_pageloaderror_${n}`):this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Loaded)},this.onBlockLoaded=(e,t,n,i)=>{this.blocksLoaded.push({containerName:e,adsLoaded:t,isExperimentVariant:n,callbackOptions:i}),this.state.blocks.done||(t?this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Loaded):this.blocksLoaded.length>=this.blocks.length&&(this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.failureReason=`caf_adloadfail_${e}`))},this.onTimeout=()=>{this.state.script.transitionFromPendingTo(State.TimedOut),this.state.blocks.transitionFromPendingTo(State.TimedOut)},this.blocks=e,this.options=t}get loaded(){return this.state.script.loaded&&!this.blocksLoaded.map((e=>e.adsLoaded)).includes(!1)}waitForBlocks(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return new Promise((e=>{const t=()=>{const n=performance.now();if(this.state.blocks.done)return this.cafLoadTime=Math.round(n-this.cafStartTime),void e();const i=this.blocksLoaded.map((e=>e.adsLoaded));i.includes(!1)||i.length>=this.blocks.length?e():setTimeout(t,50)};t()}))}))}inject(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){try{const e=yield this.injectScriptTags();return this.cafStartTime=performance.now(),e&&void 0!==window.google?(new window.google.ads.domains.Caf(Object.assign(Object.assign({},this.options),{pageLoadedCallback:this.onPageLoaded,adLoadedCallback:this.onBlockLoaded}),...this.blocks),TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS>0&&setTimeout(this.onTimeout,TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS),yield new Promise((e=>{const t=()=>{this.state.script.done?e():setTimeout(t,10)};t()}))):void this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure)}catch(e){return void(this.error=e.toString())}}))}toCallbacks(){return{adLoadedCallback:this.blocksLoaded.slice(-1)[0],pageLoadedCallback:this.pageLoaded,cafTimedOut:this.state.script.timedOut||this.state.blocks.timedOut,cafLoadedMs:this.cafLoadTime,googleAdsFailure:!!this.failureReason}}toContext(){const e={cafScriptWasLoaded:this.state.script.loaded,cafScriptLoadTime:this.cafLoadTime,callbacks:this.toCallbacks};return this.error&&(e.js_error={message:this.error}),this.state.script.loaded||(e.zeroclick={reason:"googleAdsFailure"}),e}mockFailedState(){this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure)}}class TagManager{constructor(e){this.injected=!1,this.identifier=e}inject(){if(this.injected)return;if(!this.identifier)return;if("TEST"===this.identifier)return;const e=document.createElement("script");e.setAttribute("src",`https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=${this.identifier}`),document.head.appendChild(e),this.track(),this.injected=!0}track(){this.push("js",new Date),this.push("config",this.identifier)}push(e,t){window.dataLayer||(window.dataLayer=[]),window.dataLayer.push(arguments)}}const ADS_PARAM="caf",ADS_TRACKING_URL="_tr",BLOCKS_TYPE="ads",BLOCKS_CONTAINER="rs",KNOWN_CAF_PARAMS=["caf","query","afdToken","pcsa","nb","nm","nx","ny","is","clkt"];class Google{static build({pageOptions:e,preferredLanguage:t,blocks:n,googleAnalytics:i},s,a,o){let r={};e&&(r=Object.assign({},e),r.hl||(r.hl=t));let d=null==e?void 0:e.resultsPageBaseUrl;d||(d=window.location.origin);return new Google(s.uuid,n,r,i,d,o)}constructor(e,t,n,i,s,a){this._blocks=t,this._pageOptions=n,this.uuid=e,this._baseURL=new URL(s),this._signature=a,this.ads=new Ads(this.blocks,this.pageOptions),this.tagManager=new TagManager(i)}injectTagManager(){this.tagManager.inject()}injectAds(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){yield this.ads.inject()}))}waitForBlocks(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return this.ads.waitForBlocks()}))}get blocks(){return(this._blocks||[]).filter((e=>this.wantsToServeAds?e.type===BLOCKS_TYPE:e.container===BLOCKS_CONTAINER)).map((e=>{const t=this.baseURL;new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).forEach(((e,n)=>{t.searchParams.has(n)||t.searchParams.append(n,e)}));const n=Object.assign({},e);if(n.resultsPageBaseUrl=t.toString(),this.wantsToServeAds){const e=new URLSearchParams;e.append("click","true"),e.append("session",this.uuid);const t=Object.assign({},this._signature);delete t.ad_loaded_callback,delete t.caf_loaded_ms,delete t.caf_timed_out,delete t.flex_rule,delete t.frame,delete t.js_error,delete t.no_ads_redirect,delete t.page_headers,delete t.page_request,delete t.page_loaded_callback,delete t.popup,delete t.screen_resolution,delete t.user_has_ad_blocker,delete t.user_preference,delete t.user_supports_darkmode,delete t.user_using_darkmode,delete t.zeroclick,e.append("signature",encode(t)),n.clicktrackUrl=`${TRACKING_DOMAIN}${ADS_TRACKING_URL}?${e.toString()}`}return n}))}get baseURL(){const e=new URL(this._baseURL.origin);return e.searchParams.append(ADS_PARAM,"1"),this._baseURL.searchParams.forEach(((t,n)=>{e.searchParams.append(n,t)})),e}get pageOptions(){const e=Object.assign({},this._pageOptions);return Object.keys(this._pageOptions).forEach((t=>{t.startsWith("bodis")&&delete e[t]})),e}get cannotLoadAds(){return!this.ads.loaded}get wantsToServeAds(){return new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).has(ADS_PARAM)}get adsMode(){return this.ads.loaded&&this.wantsToServeAds}get adsReady(){return this.wantsToServeAds&&!this.cannotLoadAds}get noAdsRedirectUrl(){const e=new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);return KNOWN_CAF_PARAMS.forEach((t=>e.delete(t))),`${window.location.origin}?${e.toString()}`}get callbacks(){return this.ads.toCallbacks()}toContext(){return Object.assign({blocks:this.blocks,pageOptions:this.pageOptions},this.ads.toContext())}}class CookieConsentManager{constructor(){this.injectScriptTag=()=>__awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return new Promise((e=>{const t=document.createElement("script");t.setAttribute("src",COOKIE_CONSENT_JS_URL),t.addEventListener("load",(()=>this.awaitConsent(e))),t.addEventListener("error",(()=>e(!1))),document.head.appendChild(t)}))}))}inject(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.injected||!COOKIE_CONSENT_JS_URL||isLocal()||(this.injected=yield this.injectScriptTag())}))}awaitConsent(e){let t=0;const n=setInterval((()=>{t+=1,20===t&&(clearInterval(n),e(!0)),void 0!==window.__tcfapi&&(window.addEventListener("ConsentActivity",(t=>{const{detail:{status:n}}=t;n&&e(!0)})),clearInterval(n))}),50)}}class App{main(){var e,t;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){if(this.parkResponse=decode(),this.findDomainResponse=yield getFindDomain(),!this.findDomainResponse)throw new Error("Domain failed to load.");this.pixels=Pixels.build(this.findDomainResponse),null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.listenForEvents(),this.adblock=new Adblock,yield this.adblock.inject(),this.google=Google.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.parkResponse,this.adblock,buildSignature({context:this.context,callbacks:null===(t=this.google)||void 0===t?void 0:t.callbacks},"click")),this.google.injectTagManager();const n=Parking.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.google);Render.prerender(n),this.cookieConsentManager=new CookieConsentManager,yield this.cookieConsentManager.inject();let i=Failed.cannotPark(this.findDomainResponse);if(i)return void(yield this.transitionToFailed(i));yield this.google.injectAds();let s=Disabled.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.adblock.state);if(s)return void(yield this.transitionToDisabled(s));const a=this.adblock.hasAdblocker();a&&this.adblock.handleAdblocked();const o=Sales.build(this.findDomainResponse);if(o)return void(yield this.transitionToSales(o));this.eligibleForZeroClick&&(this.zeroClickResponse=yield getZeroClick(this.context));const r=Redirect.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.zeroClickResponse,this.google);if(r)yield this.transitionToRedirect(r);else{if(a)return s=Disabled.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.adblock.state),void(yield this.transitionToDisabled(s));i=Failed.noSponsors(this.google),i?yield this.transitionToFailed(i):yield this.transitionToParking(n)}}))}transitionToParking(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.template(e),Render.revealPage(),yield this.google.waitForBlocks(),yield this.track()}))}transitionToRedirect(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e;const t=this.track();Render.revealPage(),yield waiter(e.delay,(e=>Render.loading(e))),yield t,window.location.href=e.url,log(`➡ Redirecting [${e.url}]`)}))}transitionToFailed(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.revealPage(),yield this.track()}))}transitionToSales(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,e.init(this.context),yield this.track()}))}transitionToDisabled(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.revealPage(),yield this.track()}))}track(){var e;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){if(!this.state.track)return Promise.resolve();try{const t=this.state.trackingType;return null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.dispatchEvent({type:t}),trackVisit({context:this.context,callbacks:this.google.callbacks},t)}catch(e){return}}))}get eligibleForZeroClick(){const{cannotPark:e,canZeroClick:t,zeroClick:n}=this.findDomainResponse,{cannotLoadAds:i,wantsToServeAds:s}=this.google;return this.adblock.state!==Blocking.BLOCKED&&(!!t&&(!!e||(!(!i||s)||!!(null==n?void 0:n.reason))))}get context(){var e,t,n,i;const s=this.findDomainResponse,a=this.parkResponse,o=null===(e=this.state)||void 0===e?void 0:e.toContext(),r=null===(t=this.adblock)||void 0===t?void 0:t.toContext(),d=null===(n=this.google)||void 0===n?void 0:n.toContext(),c=browserState(),l=Object.assign(Object.assign({},null===(i=this.findDomainResponse)||void 0===i?void 0:i.zeroClick),this.zeroClickResponse);return Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign({app_version:APP_VERSION},s),a),r),d),o),c),{zeroClick:l})}init(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){try{window.__parkour=this,yield this.main()}catch(e){console.error("app",e);const t=Failed.fromError(e);this.state=t,Render.message(t.message),Render.revealPage()}}))}}(new App).init(),exports.App=App}));

Back to the Future: The Jerusalem Exhibit at the 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair

Product Description

Milette Shamir

Milette Shamir

Ad block detected

An Error Occurred

An Error Occurred

Content blocked

Invalid URL

No sponsors

No Sponsors

Invalid URL

An Error Occurred

An Error Occurred