Skin Color Stratification in Israel Revisited

Free download Download

Description

Product Description

Abstract

Henriette Dahan Kalev, Maya Maor

Colorism refers to social stratification systems based on skin color. Colorism in Israel is significant because Israel is very ethnically stratified, a fact confirmed by the few scholarly works that have examined the subject. These works, however, do not employ the interests, methods, or key issues of colorism as a distinct academic field. The present study critically analyzes these works through the lenses of colorism scholarship in other national and cultural contexts. We found that existing studies focus on three themes: Jews of Ethiopian descent, with little attention to other groups; processes of attaching values to color categories, rather than the construction of the categories themselves; and the stigmatization by skin color of some marginalized groups.

Abstract: Henriette Dahan Kalev, Maya Maor

Colorism refers to social stratification systems based on skin color. Colorism in Israel is significant because Israel is very ethnically stratified, a fact confirmed by the few scholarly works that have examined the subject. These works, however, do not employ the interests, methods, or key issues of colorism as a distinct academic field. The present study critically analyzes these works through the lenses of colorism scholarship in other national and cultural contexts. We found that existing studies focus on three themes: Jews of Ethiopian descent, with little attention to other groups; processes of attaching values to color categories, rather than the construction of the categories themselves; and the stigmatization by skin color of some marginalized groups.

Abstact in Arabic
Abstract in Hebrew
Abstract in Turkish

عودة إلى تراتبية لون البشرة في إسرائيل

هنرييت دهان كليب ومايا مئور

يتغذّى التمييز بين البشر على أساس لون البشرة من منظومات تراتبية. ويتمتع هذا التمييز في إسرائيل بأهمية خاصة لأنها دولة تعتمد التراتبية الإثنية إلى حدّ بعيد جدًا، وقد اتضح ذلك في الأدبيات البحثية التي توقّفت عند هذا الموضوع بصورة واسعة. وبالرغم من ذلك، لا تتعامل هذه الأدبيات مع المصالح والمنهجيات والمواضيع الرئيسة في التمييز بين البشر على أساس لون البشرة بوصفها حقلاً أكاديميًا قائمًا بذاته. تسعى الدراسة الحالية إلى عرض تحليل نقدي لهذه الأدبيات استنادًا إلى أدبيات بحثية تقع في نفس المجال ولكنها تعالجها ضمن سياقات ثقافية وقومية أخرى. وقد وجدنا أن الأدبيات القائمة في إسرائيل تركّز على ثلاث أطروحات وفئات رئيسة: فئة اليهود من أصول أثيوبية، وبعض التعامل المتواضع مع فئات أخرى؛ والتركيز على عمليات تحميل أطياف الألوان قيمًا معينة ولا تولي أهمية إلى عمليات تشكيل هذه الأطياف/الفئات بذاتها؛ واعتماد عملية الوصم المستندة إلى لون البشرة بكل ما يتعلّق بفئات مهمّشة.

מבט שני על ריבוד צבעי עור בישראל

הנרייט דהאן-כלב, מאיה מאור

המונח קולוריזם מתייחס לשיטות ריבוד חברתי המתבססות על צבע העור. בישראל יש לקולוריזם חשיבות כי החברה הישראלית מרובדת מאוד מבחינה אתנית, עובדה שקיבלה אישור במעט המחקרים האקדמיים שבדקו את הנושא. אלא שמחקרים אלה אינם בוחנים את האינטרסים, את השיטות או סוגיות המפתח של הקולוריזם כתחום אקדמי מובהק. המחקר הנוכחי עורך ניתוח ביקורתי של המחקרים הללו מזווית הראייה של מחקר הקולוריזם בהקשרים לאומיים ותרבותיים אחרים. גילינו כי המחקרים הקיימים מתמקדים בשלושה נושאים: יהודים ממוצא אתיופי, עם עיסוק מועט בלבד בקבוצות אחרות; תהליכים של ייחוס ערכים לקטגוריות של צבע במקום לבניית הקטגוריות עצמן; וסטיגמטיזציה של כמה קבוצות שוליים על פי צבע העור.

İsrail’de Ten Rengine Dayalı Toplumsal Katmanlaşmanın Yeniden Değerlendirilmesi

Henriette Dahan Kalev, Maya Maor

Renk ayrımcılığı ten rengine dayanan sosyal katmanlaşma sistemlerini ifade eder. İsrail’de renge dayalı ayrımcılık oldukça dikkate çekicidir çünkü İsrail’de etnik katmanlaşma gerçeği yapılan bazı bilimsel çalışmalarca da onanmıştır. Ancak bu çalışmalar ten rengine dayalı ayrımcılığın metot, ilgi ve temel sorunlarını ayrı bir akademik alan olarak işlememektedir. Bu araştırma tüm bu çalışmaları diğer milli ve kültürel bağlamlarda oluşmuş renge dayalı ayrımcılık bilimi çerçevesinde eleştirel olarak analiz eder. Konu ile ilgili var olan çalışmaların üç ana tema etrafında yoğunlaştığını tespit ettik: Diğer gruplara çok az değinilmek kaydıyla Etiyopya kökenli Yahudiler; kategorilerin kendi inşasından ziyade renk kategorilerine biçilen değerlerin oluşumu; bazı marjinal grupların ten rengine göre damgalanması.

Abstact in Arabic: عودة إلى تراتبية لون البشرة في إسرائيل

هنرييت دهان كليب ومايا مئور

يتغذّى التمييز بين البشر على أساس لون البشرة من منظومات تراتبية. ويتمتع هذا التمييز في إسرائيل بأهمية خاصة لأنها دولة تعتمد التراتبية الإثنية إلى حدّ بعيد جدًا، وقد اتضح ذلك في الأدبيات البحثية التي توقّفت عند هذا الموضوع بصورة واسعة. وبالرغم من ذلك، لا تتعامل هذه الأدبيات مع المصالح والمنهجيات والمواضيع الرئيسة في التمييز بين البشر على أساس لون البشرة بوصفها حقلاً أكاديميًا قائمًا بذاته. تسعى الدراسة الحالية إلى عرض تحليل نقدي لهذه الأدبيات استنادًا إلى أدبيات بحثية تقع في نفس المجال ولكنها تعالجها ضمن سياقات ثقافية وقومية أخرى. وقد وجدنا أن الأدبيات القائمة في إسرائيل تركّز على ثلاث أطروحات وفئات رئيسة: فئة اليهود من أصول أثيوبية، وبعض التعامل المتواضع مع فئات أخرى؛ والتركيز على عمليات تحميل أطياف الألوان قيمًا معينة ولا تولي أهمية إلى عمليات تشكيل هذه الأطياف/الفئات بذاتها؛ واعتماد عملية الوصم المستندة إلى لون البشرة بكل ما يتعلّق بفئات مهمّشة.
Abstract in Hebrew: מבט שני על ריבוד צבעי עור בישראל

הנרייט דהאן-כלב, מאיה מאור

המונח קולוריזם מתייחס לשיטות ריבוד חברתי המתבססות על צבע העור. בישראל יש לקולוריזם חשיבות כי החברה הישראלית מרובדת מאוד מבחינה אתנית, עובדה שקיבלה אישור במעט המחקרים האקדמיים שבדקו את הנושא. אלא שמחקרים אלה אינם בוחנים את האינטרסים, את השיטות או סוגיות המפתח של הקולוריזם כתחום אקדמי מובהק. המחקר הנוכחי עורך ניתוח ביקורתי של המחקרים הללו מזווית הראייה של מחקר הקולוריזם בהקשרים לאומיים ותרבותיים אחרים. גילינו כי המחקרים הקיימים מתמקדים בשלושה נושאים: יהודים ממוצא אתיופי, עם עיסוק מועט בלבד בקבוצות אחרות; תהליכים של ייחוס ערכים לקטגוריות של צבע במקום לבניית הקטגוריות עצמן; וסטיגמטיזציה של כמה קבוצות שוליים על פי צבע העור.
Abstract in Turkish: İsrail’de Ten Rengine Dayalı Toplumsal Katmanlaşmanın Yeniden Değerlendirilmesi

Henriette Dahan Kalev, Maya Maor

Renk ayrımcılığı ten rengine dayanan sosyal katmanlaşma sistemlerini ifade eder. İsrail’de renge dayalı ayrımcılık oldukça dikkate çekicidir çünkü İsrail’de etnik katmanlaşma gerçeği yapılan bazı bilimsel çalışmalarca da onanmıştır. Ancak bu çalışmalar ten rengine dayalı ayrımcılığın metot, ilgi ve temel sorunlarını ayrı bir akademik alan olarak işlememektedir. Bu araştırma tüm bu çalışmaları diğer milli ve kültürel bağlamlarda oluşmuş renge dayalı ayrımcılık bilimi çerçevesinde eleştirel olarak analiz eder. Konu ile ilgili var olan çalışmaların üç ana tema etrafında yoğunlaştığını tespit ettik: Diğer gruplara çok az değinilmek kaydıyla Etiyopya kökenli Yahudiler; kategorilerin kendi inşasından ziyade renk kategorilerine biçilen değerlerin oluşumu; bazı marjinal grupların ten rengine göre damgalanması.

Categories: Articles Summer 2015, Vol. 5, No. 1 Summer 2015 Tags: Colorism, Henriette Dahan Kalev, Israel, Maya Maor, Race Studies

An Error Occurred

Services for this domain name have been disabled.

{e&&window.ttq.instance(this.identifier).track(e.event)}))}isLoaded(){return!!window.ttq}}const ADS_PARAM$1="?caf",MESSAGE_PREFIX="FSXDC,.aCS:",ALLOWED_ORIGINS=["https://www.google.com","https://www.adsensecustomsearchads.com","https://syndicatedsearch.goog","https://googleadservices.com"];class Pixels{static build(e){const t=unpackPHPArrayObject(e,"pixel_tracking_data");if(t)return t.useAltTikTokEventsForAdsPlatformUser=e.is_ads,new Pixels(t)}constructor(e){this.onPixelEvent=e=>{const{detail:{type:t}}=e;switch(t){case"visit":case"ctr":case"click":this.providers.forEach((e=>e.handlePixelEvent(t)))}},this.providers=[new Facebook(e.facebook),new Tiktok(e.tiktok,e.useAltTikTokEventsForAdsPlatformUser),new Taboola(e.taboola),new Revcontent(e.revcontent),new Outbrain(e.outbrain)]}listenForEvents(){document.addEventListener("pixel",(e=>{this.onPixelEvent(e)}));window.onmessage=e=>{const{origin:t,data:n}=e;ALLOWED_ORIGINS.includes(t)&&(null==n?void 0:n.startsWith(MESSAGE_PREFIX))&&window.location.search.startsWith(ADS_PARAM$1)&&document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("pixel",{detail:{type:"click"}}))}}dispatchEvent(e){document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("pixel",{detail:e}))}}var State;!function(e){e[e.Pending=0]="Pending",e[e.Loaded=1]="Loaded",e[e.Failure=2]="Failure",e[e.TimedOut=3]="TimedOut",e[e.Errored=4]="Errored"}(State||(State={}));const CAF_SCRIPT_SRC=`https://www.google.com/adsense/domains/caf.js?${GOOGLE_MV3_URL_PARAMS}`,TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS=Number(GOOGLE_CAF_TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS),TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS=Number(GOOGLE_CAF_TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS);class StateMachine{constructor(){this.state=State.Pending}transitionTo(e){this.state=e}transitionFromPendingTo(e){this.done||(this.state=e)}get loaded(){return this.state===State.Loaded}get timedOut(){return this.state===State.TimedOut}get done(){return this.state!==State.Pending}}class Ads{constructor(e,t){this.state={script:new StateMachine,blocks:new StateMachine},this.blocksLoaded=[],this.injectScriptTags=()=>__awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return new Promise((e=>{const t=document.createElement("script");t.type="text/javascript",t.src=CAF_SCRIPT_SRC,t.addEventListener("load",(()=>e(!0))),t.addEventListener("error",(()=>e(!1))),document.body.appendChild(t),TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS>0&&setTimeout((()=>e(!1)),TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS)}))})),this.onPageLoaded=(e,t)=>{if(this.pageLoaded={requestAccepted:e,status:t},this.state.script.done)return;const n=null==t?void 0:t.error_code;n?(this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.failureReason=`caf_pageloaderror_${n}`):this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Loaded)},this.onBlockLoaded=(e,t,n,i)=>{this.blocksLoaded.push({containerName:e,adsLoaded:t,isExperimentVariant:n,callbackOptions:i}),this.state.blocks.done||(t?this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Loaded):this.blocksLoaded.length>=this.blocks.length&&(this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.failureReason=`caf_adloadfail_${e}`))},this.onTimeout=()=>{this.state.script.transitionFromPendingTo(State.TimedOut),this.state.blocks.transitionFromPendingTo(State.TimedOut)},this.blocks=e,this.options=t}get loaded(){return this.state.script.loaded&&!this.blocksLoaded.map((e=>e.adsLoaded)).includes(!1)}waitForBlocks(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return new Promise((e=>{const t=()=>{const n=performance.now();if(this.state.blocks.done)return this.cafLoadTime=Math.round(n-this.cafStartTime),void e();const i=this.blocksLoaded.map((e=>e.adsLoaded));i.includes(!1)||i.length>=this.blocks.length?e():setTimeout(t,50)};t()}))}))}inject(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){try{const e=yield this.injectScriptTags();return this.cafStartTime=performance.now(),e&&void 0!==window.google?(new window.google.ads.domains.Caf(Object.assign(Object.assign({},this.options),{pageLoadedCallback:this.onPageLoaded,adLoadedCallback:this.onBlockLoaded}),...this.blocks),TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS>0&&setTimeout(this.onTimeout,TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS),yield new Promise((e=>{const t=()=>{this.state.script.done?e():setTimeout(t,10)};t()}))):void this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure)}catch(e){return void(this.error=e.toString())}}))}toCallbacks(){return{adLoadedCallback:this.blocksLoaded.slice(-1)[0],pageLoadedCallback:this.pageLoaded,cafTimedOut:this.state.script.timedOut||this.state.blocks.timedOut,cafLoadedMs:this.cafLoadTime,googleAdsFailure:!!this.failureReason}}toContext(){const e={cafScriptWasLoaded:this.state.script.loaded,cafScriptLoadTime:this.cafLoadTime,callbacks:this.toCallbacks};return this.error&&(e.js_error={message:this.error}),this.state.script.loaded||(e.zeroclick={reason:"googleAdsFailure"}),e}mockFailedState(){this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure)}}class TagManager{constructor(e){this.injected=!1,this.identifier=e}inject(){if(this.injected)return;if(!this.identifier)return;if("TEST"===this.identifier)return;const e=document.createElement("script");e.setAttribute("src",`https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=${this.identifier}`),document.head.appendChild(e),this.track(),this.injected=!0}track(){this.push("js",new Date),this.push("config",this.identifier)}push(e,t){window.dataLayer||(window.dataLayer=[]),window.dataLayer.push(arguments)}}const ADS_PARAM="caf",ADS_TRACKING_URL="_tr",BLOCKS_TYPE="ads",BLOCKS_CONTAINER="rs",KNOWN_CAF_PARAMS=["caf","query","afdToken","pcsa","nb","nm","nx","ny","is","clkt"];class Google{static build({pageOptions:e,preferredLanguage:t,blocks:n,googleAnalytics:i},s,a,o){let r={};e&&(r=Object.assign({},e),r.hl||(r.hl=t));let d=null==e?void 0:e.resultsPageBaseUrl;d||(d=window.location.origin);return new Google(s.uuid,n,r,i,d,o)}constructor(e,t,n,i,s,a){this._blocks=t,this._pageOptions=n,this.uuid=e,this._baseURL=new URL(s),this._signature=a,this.ads=new Ads(this.blocks,this.pageOptions),this.tagManager=new TagManager(i)}injectTagManager(){this.tagManager.inject()}injectAds(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){yield this.ads.inject()}))}waitForBlocks(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return this.ads.waitForBlocks()}))}get blocks(){return(this._blocks||[]).filter((e=>this.wantsToServeAds?e.type===BLOCKS_TYPE:e.container===BLOCKS_CONTAINER)).map((e=>{const t=this.baseURL;new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).forEach(((e,n)=>{t.searchParams.has(n)||t.searchParams.append(n,e)}));const n=Object.assign({},e);if(n.resultsPageBaseUrl=t.toString(),this.wantsToServeAds){const e=new URLSearchParams;e.append("click","true"),e.append("session",this.uuid);const t=Object.assign({},this._signature);delete t.ad_loaded_callback,delete t.caf_loaded_ms,delete t.caf_timed_out,delete t.flex_rule,delete t.frame,delete t.js_error,delete t.no_ads_redirect,delete t.page_headers,delete t.page_request,delete t.page_loaded_callback,delete t.popup,delete t.screen_resolution,delete t.user_has_ad_blocker,delete t.user_preference,delete t.user_supports_darkmode,delete t.user_using_darkmode,delete t.zeroclick,e.append("signature",encode(t)),n.clicktrackUrl=`${TRACKING_DOMAIN}${ADS_TRACKING_URL}?${e.toString()}`}return n}))}get baseURL(){const e=new URL(this._baseURL.origin);return e.searchParams.append(ADS_PARAM,"1"),this._baseURL.searchParams.forEach(((t,n)=>{e.searchParams.append(n,t)})),e}get pageOptions(){const e=Object.assign({},this._pageOptions);return Object.keys(this._pageOptions).forEach((t=>{t.startsWith("bodis")&&delete e[t]})),e}get cannotLoadAds(){return!this.ads.loaded}get wantsToServeAds(){return new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).has(ADS_PARAM)}get adsMode(){return this.ads.loaded&&this.wantsToServeAds}get adsReady(){return this.wantsToServeAds&&!this.cannotLoadAds}get noAdsRedirectUrl(){const e=new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);return KNOWN_CAF_PARAMS.forEach((t=>e.delete(t))),`${window.location.origin}?${e.toString()}`}get callbacks(){return this.ads.toCallbacks()}toContext(){return Object.assign({blocks:this.blocks,pageOptions:this.pageOptions},this.ads.toContext())}}class CookieConsentManager{constructor(){this.injectScriptTag=()=>__awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return new Promise((e=>{const t=document.createElement("script");t.setAttribute("src",COOKIE_CONSENT_JS_URL),t.addEventListener("load",(()=>this.awaitConsent(e))),t.addEventListener("error",(()=>e(!1))),document.head.appendChild(t)}))}))}inject(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.injected||!COOKIE_CONSENT_JS_URL||isLocal()||(this.injected=yield this.injectScriptTag())}))}awaitConsent(e){let t=0;const n=setInterval((()=>{t+=1,20===t&&(clearInterval(n),e(!0)),void 0!==window.__tcfapi&&(window.addEventListener("ConsentActivity",(t=>{const{detail:{status:n}}=t;n&&e(!0)})),clearInterval(n))}),50)}}class App{main(){var e,t;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){if(this.parkResponse=decode(),this.findDomainResponse=yield getFindDomain(),!this.findDomainResponse)throw new Error("Domain failed to load.");this.pixels=Pixels.build(this.findDomainResponse),null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.listenForEvents(),this.adblock=new Adblock,yield this.adblock.inject(),this.google=Google.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.parkResponse,this.adblock,buildSignature({context:this.context,callbacks:null===(t=this.google)||void 0===t?void 0:t.callbacks},"click")),this.google.injectTagManager();const n=Parking.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.google);Render.prerender(n),this.cookieConsentManager=new CookieConsentManager,yield this.cookieConsentManager.inject();let i=Failed.cannotPark(this.findDomainResponse);if(i)return void(yield this.transitionToFailed(i));yield this.google.injectAds();let s=Disabled.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.adblock.state);if(s)return void(yield this.transitionToDisabled(s));const a=this.adblock.hasAdblocker();a&&this.adblock.handleAdblocked();const o=Sales.build(this.findDomainResponse);if(o)return void(yield this.transitionToSales(o));this.eligibleForZeroClick&&(this.zeroClickResponse=yield getZeroClick(this.context));const r=Redirect.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.zeroClickResponse,this.google);if(r)yield this.transitionToRedirect(r);else{if(a)return s=Disabled.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.adblock.state),void(yield this.transitionToDisabled(s));i=Failed.noSponsors(this.google),i?yield this.transitionToFailed(i):yield this.transitionToParking(n)}}))}transitionToParking(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.template(e),Render.revealPage(),yield this.google.waitForBlocks(),yield this.track()}))}transitionToRedirect(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e;const t=this.track();Render.revealPage(),yield waiter(e.delay,(e=>Render.loading(e))),yield t,window.location.href=e.url,log(`➡ Redirecting [${e.url}]`)}))}transitionToFailed(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.revealPage(),yield this.track()}))}transitionToSales(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,e.init(this.context),yield this.track()}))}transitionToDisabled(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.revealPage(),yield this.track()}))}track(){var e;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){if(!this.state.track)return Promise.resolve();try{const t=this.state.trackingType;return null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.dispatchEvent({type:t}),trackVisit({context:this.context,callbacks:this.google.callbacks},t)}catch(e){return}}))}get eligibleForZeroClick(){const{cannotPark:e,canZeroClick:t,zeroClick:n}=this.findDomainResponse,{cannotLoadAds:i,wantsToServeAds:s}=this.google;return this.adblock.state!==Blocking.BLOCKED&&(!!t&&(!!e||(!(!i||s)||!!(null==n?void 0:n.reason))))}get context(){var e,t,n,i;const s=this.findDomainResponse,a=this.parkResponse,o=null===(e=this.state)||void 0===e?void 0:e.toContext(),r=null===(t=this.adblock)||void 0===t?void 0:t.toContext(),d=null===(n=this.google)||void 0===n?void 0:n.toContext(),c=browserState(),l=Object.assign(Object.assign({},null===(i=this.findDomainResponse)||void 0===i?void 0:i.zeroClick),this.zeroClickResponse);return Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign({app_version:APP_VERSION},s),a),r),d),o),c),{zeroClick:l})}init(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){try{window.__parkour=this,yield this.main()}catch(e){console.error("app",e);const t=Failed.fromError(e);this.state=t,Render.message(t.message),Render.revealPage()}}))}}(new App).init(),exports.App=App}));

Skin Color Stratification in Israel Revisited

Product Description

Henriette Dahan Kalev, Maya Maor

Henriette Dahan Kalev, Maya Maor

מבט שני על ריבוד צבעי עור בישראל

מבט שני על ריבוד צבעי עור בישראל

Ad block detected

An Error Occurred

An Error Occurred

Content blocked

Invalid URL

No sponsors

No Sponsors

Invalid URL

An Error Occurred

An Error Occurred