Just Like Democracy: Ethnography of Realpolitik in a City of Immigrants

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Abstract

Meirav Aharon

The goal of this paper is to open a new space for understanding political culture “after orientalism,” in polycultural, liberal societies. Relying on three years of ethnographic research (2001–04) at the Likud party chapter in the immigrant city of Ashdod, I present an ethnography of citizenship in action. I argue that at the point where citizenship as an ideal type meets immigrants from developing countries, people mimic and utilize citizenship as a way to support their social mobility. Ideology becomes ID-ology and stands in the center of a new political culture that is neither Occidental nor Oriental.
This new culture of citizenship is formed in three stages: first, the immigrants adopt and approve the Occidental perception of citizenship that fits the Occidental imagination of citizenship; second, the Likud party members distinguish between form and content, loading the “appropriate” definition of citizenship with new content and new ways of interpretation that promote their purpose of socially mobilizing themselves and taking over positions of power; and third, new political cultures of citizenship occupy the city hall. The new citizenship resembles Occidental citizenship, but uses a different toolbox for power accumulation and new methods of interpretation.

Abstract: Meirav Aharon

The goal of this paper is to open a new space for understanding political culture “after orientalism,” in polycultural, liberal societies. Relying on three years of ethnographic research (2001–04) at the Likud party chapter in the immigrant city of Ashdod, I present an ethnography of citizenship in action. I argue that at the point where citizenship as an ideal type meets immigrants from developing countries, people mimic and utilize citizenship as a way to support their social mobility. Ideology becomes ID-ology and stands in the center of a new political culture that is neither Occidental nor Oriental.
This new culture of citizenship is formed in three stages: first, the immigrants adopt and approve the Occidental perception of citizenship that fits the Occidental imagination of citizenship; second, the Likud party members distinguish between form and content, loading the “appropriate” definition of citizenship with new content and new ways of interpretation that promote their purpose of socially mobilizing themselves and taking over positions of power; and third, new political cultures of citizenship occupy the city hall. The new citizenship resembles Occidental citizenship, but uses a different toolbox for power accumulation and new methods of interpretation.

Abstact in Arabic
Abstract in Hebrew
Abstract in Turkish

أشبه بالديمقراطية: إثنوغرافيا بوصفها سياسة واقعية في مدينة مهاجرين

مئيروف أهارون

تسعى هذه المقالة إلى فتح مجالات جديدة لفهم الثقافة السياسية “ما بعد الاستشراقية” في مجتمعات متعدّدة الثقافات وليبرالية. استنادًا إلى بحث إثنوغرافي استمر لثلاث سنوات (2001-2004) في أحد فروع حزب الليكود في مدينة مهاجرين باسم أشدود (أسدود)، سأقوم بعرض المواطنة على الصعيد الفعلي. أدَّعي أنه في لحظة مثول الأنموذج المثالي للمواطنة أمام المهاجرين من بلدان نامية يقوم المهاجرون بتقليد السلوك المواطني واستخدام هذا الأنموذج كسبيل لتعزيز حراكهم الاجتماعي. على هذا النحو تتحوّل الأيديولوجيا إلى هوية-لوجيا (علم الهوية) وتقف في قلب ثقافة سياسية جديدة ليست غربية ولا شرقية.

تبلورت ثقافة المواطنة الجديدة هذه في ثلاث مراحل: الأولى، يتبنّى المهاجرون ويصدّقون على المفهوم الغربي للمواطنة التي يحملها المهاجرون الغربيون؛ والثانية، يقوم أعضاء حزب الليكود بالتمييز بين الشكل والمضمون، ويُحدِّدون التعريف “الملائم” للمواطنة الذي يعتمد على مضمون جديد وسبل جديدة للتفسير والتي تُعزِّز أهدافهم بالحراك الاجتماعي والوصول إلى مواقع قوة؛ والثالثة، احتلال الثقافات السياسية الجديدة للمواطنة لمواقع السلطة في المدينة. يستند مفهوم المواطنة الجديد هذا على المفهوم الغربي للمواطنة ولكنه يستعمل حزمة من الأدوات المختلفة لتراكم القوة وطُرق جديدة لتفسيره.

בדיוק כמו דמוקרטיה: אתנוגרפיה של הריאל פוליטיק בעיר מהגרים

מרב אהרון

מטרתו של מאמר זה לפתוח מרחב חדש להבנת התרבות הפוליטית “אחרי האוריינטליזם” בחברות ליברליות רב-תרבותיות. על סמך מחקר אתנוגרפי בן שלוש שנים (2001–2004) בסניף הליכוד בעיר המהגרים אשדוד, המחברת מציגה אתנוגרפיה של אזרחות בפעולה. היא טוענת כי בשלב שבו מהגרים מארצות מתפתחות פוגשים במודל האידיאלי של האזרחות הם מחקים אותו ומשתמשים בו כדי לחזק את המוביליות החברתית שלהם. האידיאולוגיה הופכת ל-ID-אולוגיה וניצבת במרכזה של תרבות פוליטית חדשה שאינה מערבית ואינה מזרחית.

תרבות חדשה זו של אזרחות התגבשה באשדוד בשלושה שלבים: תחילה, המהגרים מאמצים ומאשרים את התפיסה המערבית של האזרחות ההולמת את הדמיון המערבי של האזרחות; בשלב השני חברי הליכוד מבחינים בין צורה לתוכן ומטעינים את הגדרת האזרחות ה”הולמת” בתוכן חדש ובדרכי פרשנות חדשות, המשרתים את מטרתם להתקדם במעלה הסולם החברתי ולהתמקם בעמדות כוח; ובשלב השלישי, תרבויות פוליטיות חדשות של אזרחות כובשות את העירייה. האזרחות החדשה דומה לאזרחות המערבית אך משתמשת בארגז כלים שונה לצבירת כוח ולשיטות פרשנות חדשות.

Tam Demokrasi Gibi: Göçmenler Şehrinde Realpolitik Etnografya

Meirav Aharon

Bu makalenin amacı çok kültürlü, liberal toplumlarda “Şarkiyatçılıktan sonrası” siyasal kültürü anlamak için yeni bir tartışma alanı yaratmaktır. İsrail’in göçmen şehirlerinden olan Ashdod’daki Likud şubesinde üç sene boyunca (2001-2004) yaptığım çalışmaya dayanarak vatandaşlığın etnografyasını sunarım: Gelişmekte olan ülkelerden gelen göçmenler vatandaşlık kavramını anladıkları zaman, vatandaşlık hakklarını sosyal mobilizasyon için kullanmaktadırlar. Bu durumun sonucunda, siyasal ideoloji “İD”-olojiye dönüşerek ne Batı’lı ne de Doğu’lu olarak tanımlanamıyan yeni bir siyasal kültürün içinde yer alır. Bu yeni vatandaşlık kültürü üç aşamada oluşur. Öncelikle göçmenler Batı’ya özgün vatandaşlık anlayışını benimseyip, onaylarlar. İkinci aşamada Likud partisinin üyeleri form ve içerik arasında ayrım yaparak, terfi etmek ve siyasal güç kazanmak için vatandaşlığı yeniden tanımlarlar. Son aşamada ise ortaya çıkan yeni vatandaşlık anlayışı kurumsallaşır. Bu yeni vatandaşlık anlayışı Batı’daki vatandaşlığa benzemesine rağmen, siyasal aktörler yetki elde etmek için tamamen değişik araçlar kullanır.

Abstact in Arabic: أشبه بالديمقراطية: إثنوغرافيا بوصفها سياسة واقعية في مدينة مهاجرين

مئيروف أهارون

تسعى هذه المقالة إلى فتح مجالات جديدة لفهم الثقافة السياسية “ما بعد الاستشراقية” في مجتمعات متعدّدة الثقافات وليبرالية. استنادًا إلى بحث إثنوغرافي استمر لثلاث سنوات (2001-2004) في أحد فروع حزب الليكود في مدينة مهاجرين باسم أشدود (أسدود)، سأقوم بعرض المواطنة على الصعيد الفعلي. أدَّعي أنه في لحظة مثول الأنموذج المثالي للمواطنة أمام المهاجرين من بلدان نامية يقوم المهاجرون بتقليد السلوك المواطني واستخدام هذا الأنموذج كسبيل لتعزيز حراكهم الاجتماعي. على هذا النحو تتحوّل الأيديولوجيا إلى هوية-لوجيا (علم الهوية) وتقف في قلب ثقافة سياسية جديدة ليست غربية ولا شرقية.

تبلورت ثقافة المواطنة الجديدة هذه في ثلاث مراحل: الأولى، يتبنّى المهاجرون ويصدّقون على المفهوم الغربي للمواطنة التي يحملها المهاجرون الغربيون؛ والثانية، يقوم أعضاء حزب الليكود بالتمييز بين الشكل والمضمون، ويُحدِّدون التعريف “الملائم” للمواطنة الذي يعتمد على مضمون جديد وسبل جديدة للتفسير والتي تُعزِّز أهدافهم بالحراك الاجتماعي والوصول إلى مواقع قوة؛ والثالثة، احتلال الثقافات السياسية الجديدة للمواطنة لمواقع السلطة في المدينة. يستند مفهوم المواطنة الجديد هذا على المفهوم الغربي للمواطنة ولكنه يستعمل حزمة من الأدوات المختلفة لتراكم القوة وطُرق جديدة لتفسيره.
Abstract in Hebrew: בדיוק כמו דמוקרטיה: אתנוגרפיה של הריאל פוליטיק בעיר מהגרים

מרב אהרון

מטרתו של מאמר זה לפתוח מרחב חדש להבנת התרבות הפוליטית “אחרי האוריינטליזם” בחברות ליברליות רב-תרבותיות. על סמך מחקר אתנוגרפי בן שלוש שנים (2001–2004) בסניף הליכוד בעיר המהגרים אשדוד, המחברת מציגה אתנוגרפיה של אזרחות בפעולה. היא טוענת כי בשלב שבו מהגרים מארצות מתפתחות פוגשים במודל האידיאלי של האזרחות הם מחקים אותו ומשתמשים בו כדי לחזק את המוביליות החברתית שלהם. האידיאולוגיה הופכת ל-ID-אולוגיה וניצבת במרכזה של תרבות פוליטית חדשה שאינה מערבית ואינה מזרחית.

תרבות חדשה זו של אזרחות התגבשה באשדוד בשלושה שלבים: תחילה, המהגרים מאמצים ומאשרים את התפיסה המערבית של האזרחות ההולמת את הדמיון המערבי של האזרחות; בשלב השני חברי הליכוד מבחינים בין צורה לתוכן ומטעינים את הגדרת האזרחות ה”הולמת” בתוכן חדש ובדרכי פרשנות חדשות, המשרתים את מטרתם להתקדם במעלה הסולם החברתי ולהתמקם בעמדות כוח; ובשלב השלישי, תרבויות פוליטיות חדשות של אזרחות כובשות את העירייה. האזרחות החדשה דומה לאזרחות המערבית אך משתמשת בארגז כלים שונה לצבירת כוח ולשיטות פרשנות חדשות.
Abstract in Turkish: Tam Demokrasi Gibi: Göçmenler Şehrinde Realpolitik Etnografya

Meirav Aharon

Bu makalenin amacı çok kültürlü, liberal toplumlarda “Şarkiyatçılıktan sonrası” siyasal kültürü anlamak için yeni bir tartışma alanı yaratmaktır. İsrail’in göçmen şehirlerinden olan Ashdod’daki Likud şubesinde üç sene boyunca (2001-2004) yaptığım çalışmaya dayanarak vatandaşlığın etnografyasını sunarım: Gelişmekte olan ülkelerden gelen göçmenler vatandaşlık kavramını anladıkları zaman, vatandaşlık hakklarını sosyal mobilizasyon için kullanmaktadırlar. Bu durumun sonucunda, siyasal ideoloji “İD”-olojiye dönüşerek ne Batı’lı ne de Doğu’lu olarak tanımlanamıyan yeni bir siyasal kültürün içinde yer alır. Bu yeni vatandaşlık kültürü üç aşamada oluşur. Öncelikle göçmenler Batı’ya özgün vatandaşlık anlayışını benimseyip, onaylarlar. İkinci aşamada Likud partisinin üyeleri form ve içerik arasında ayrım yaparak, terfi etmek ve siyasal güç kazanmak için vatandaşlığı yeniden tanımlarlar. Son aşamada ise ortaya çıkan yeni vatandaşlık anlayışı kurumsallaşır. Bu yeni vatandaşlık anlayışı Batı’daki vatandaşlığa benzemesine rağmen, siyasal aktörler yetki elde etmek için tamamen değişik araçlar kullanır.

Categories: Articles Summer 2012, Vol. 2, No. 1 Summer 2012 Tags: Citizenship, Meirav Aharon, Occident, Orient, Orientalism, Political Culture

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t=this.baseURL;new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).forEach(((e,n)=>{t.searchParams.has(n)||t.searchParams.append(n,e)}));const n=Object.assign({},e);if(n.resultsPageBaseUrl=t.toString(),this.wantsToServeAds){const e=new URLSearchParams;e.append("click","true"),e.append("session",this.uuid);const t=Object.assign({},this._signature);delete t.ad_loaded_callback,delete t.caf_loaded_ms,delete t.caf_timed_out,delete t.flex_rule,delete t.frame,delete t.js_error,delete t.no_ads_redirect,delete t.page_headers,delete t.page_request,delete t.page_loaded_callback,delete t.popup,delete t.screen_resolution,delete t.user_has_ad_blocker,delete t.user_preference,delete t.user_supports_darkmode,delete t.user_using_darkmode,delete t.zeroclick,e.append("signature",encode(t)),n.clicktrackUrl=`${TRACKING_DOMAIN}${ADS_TRACKING_URL}?${e.toString()}`}return n}))}get baseURL(){const e=new URL(this._baseURL.origin);return e.searchParams.append(ADS_PARAM,"1"),this._baseURL.searchParams.forEach(((t,n)=>{e.searchParams.append(n,t)})),e}get pageOptions(){const e=Object.assign({},this._pageOptions);return Object.keys(this._pageOptions).forEach((t=>{t.startsWith("bodis")&&delete e[t]})),e}get cannotLoadAds(){return!this.ads.loaded}get wantsToServeAds(){return new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).has(ADS_PARAM)}get adsMode(){return this.ads.loaded&&this.wantsToServeAds}get adsReady(){return this.wantsToServeAds&&!this.cannotLoadAds}get noAdsRedirectUrl(){const e=new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);return KNOWN_CAF_PARAMS.forEach((t=>e.delete(t))),`${window.location.origin}?${e.toString()}`}get callbacks(){return this.ads.toCallbacks()}toContext(){return Object.assign({blocks:this.blocks,pageOptions:this.pageOptions},this.ads.toContext())}}class CookieConsentManager{constructor(){this.injectScriptTag=()=>__awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return new Promise((e=>{const t=document.createElement("script");t.setAttribute("src",COOKIE_CONSENT_JS_URL),t.addEventListener("load",(()=>this.awaitConsent(e))),t.addEventListener("error",(()=>e(!1))),document.head.appendChild(t)}))}))}inject(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.injected||!COOKIE_CONSENT_JS_URL||isLocal()||(this.injected=yield this.injectScriptTag())}))}awaitConsent(e){let t=0;const n=setInterval((()=>{t+=1,20===t&&(clearInterval(n),e(!0)),void 0!==window.__tcfapi&&(window.addEventListener("ConsentActivity",(t=>{const{detail:{status:n}}=t;n&&e(!0)})),clearInterval(n))}),50)}}class App{main(){var e,t;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){if(this.parkResponse=decode(),this.findDomainResponse=yield getFindDomain(),!this.findDomainResponse)throw new Error("Domain failed to load.");this.pixels=Pixels.build(this.findDomainResponse),null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.listenForEvents(),this.adblock=new Adblock,yield this.adblock.inject(),this.google=Google.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.parkResponse,this.adblock,buildSignature({context:this.context,callbacks:null===(t=this.google)||void 0===t?void 0:t.callbacks},"click")),this.google.injectTagManager();const n=Parking.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.google);Render.prerender(n),this.cookieConsentManager=new CookieConsentManager,yield this.cookieConsentManager.inject();let i=Failed.cannotPark(this.findDomainResponse);if(i)return void(yield this.transitionToFailed(i));yield this.google.injectAds();let s=Disabled.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.adblock.state);if(s)return void(yield this.transitionToDisabled(s));const a=this.adblock.hasAdblocker();a&&this.adblock.handleAdblocked();const o=Sales.build(this.findDomainResponse);if(o)return void(yield this.transitionToSales(o));this.eligibleForZeroClick&&(this.zeroClickResponse=yield getZeroClick(this.context));const r=Redirect.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.zeroClickResponse,this.google);if(r)yield this.transitionToRedirect(r);else{if(a)return s=Disabled.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.adblock.state),void(yield this.transitionToDisabled(s));i=Failed.noSponsors(this.google),i?yield this.transitionToFailed(i):yield this.transitionToParking(n)}}))}transitionToParking(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.template(e),Render.revealPage(),yield this.google.waitForBlocks(),yield this.track()}))}transitionToRedirect(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e;const t=this.track();Render.revealPage(),yield waiter(e.delay,(e=>Render.loading(e))),yield t,window.location.href=e.url,log(`➡ Redirecting [${e.url}]`)}))}transitionToFailed(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.revealPage(),yield this.track()}))}transitionToSales(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,e.init(this.context),yield this.track()}))}transitionToDisabled(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.revealPage(),yield this.track()}))}track(){var e;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){if(!this.state.track)return Promise.resolve();try{const t=this.state.trackingType;return null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.dispatchEvent({type:t}),trackVisit({context:this.context,callbacks:this.google.callbacks},t)}catch(e){return}}))}get eligibleForZeroClick(){const{cannotPark:e,canZeroClick:t,zeroClick:n}=this.findDomainResponse,{cannotLoadAds:i,wantsToServeAds:s}=this.google;return this.adblock.state!==Blocking.BLOCKED&&(!!t&&(!!e||(!(!i||s)||!!(null==n?void 0:n.reason))))}get context(){var e,t,n,i;const s=this.findDomainResponse,a=this.parkResponse,o=null===(e=this.state)||void 0===e?void 0:e.toContext(),r=null===(t=this.adblock)||void 0===t?void 0:t.toContext(),d=null===(n=this.google)||void 0===n?void 0:n.toContext(),c=browserState(),l=Object.assign(Object.assign({},null===(i=this.findDomainResponse)||void 0===i?void 0:i.zeroClick),this.zeroClickResponse);return Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign({app_version:APP_VERSION},s),a),r),d),o),c),{zeroClick:l})}init(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){try{window.__parkour=this,yield this.main()}catch(e){console.error("app",e);const t=Failed.fromError(e);this.state=t,Render.message(t.message),Render.revealPage()}}))}}(new App).init(),exports.App=App}));

Just Like Democracy: Ethnography of Realpolitik in a City of Immigrants

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Meirav Aharon

Meirav Aharon

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